The idea of green jobs has evolved as an acceptable and well defined concept in economics and labour force. A joint initiative of International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) in 2008 defined green jobs for the first time. It state that jobs in “agriculture, manufacturing, construction, installation and maintenance as well as scientific and technical, administrative, and service –related activities, that contribute substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality[1].” The definition further incorporates products and services created through job must protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity, reduce energy, materials and water consumption through high-efficiency and avoidance strategies, de-carbonize the economy along with other parameters. This definition of green job had limited scope as it had mentioned only a few economic sectors. Realizing this the Green Job Program of ILO later improved this definition as “Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserve or restore the environment, be they in traditional sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such as renewable energy and energy efficiency[2].” The updated definition of green jobs include both traditional, new and emerging sectors subject to that these jobs must improve energy efficiency, limit GHGs, minimise waste and pollution, protect and restore ecosystems and adapt to the effects of climate change. More importantly the job also has to be decent which includes adequate wages, safe working conditions and worker rights.
In India, where the primary sector (which includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining) contribute only 20% to its GDP and absorbs nearly 42% of total workforce of the country[3], the green job is largely seen as opportunities in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Government of India in 2015 launched the ‘Skill Council for Green Jobs’ under National Skill Development Corporation. The council only focuses on skilling the workforce in service and manufacturing related jobs under three broad categories- renewable energy, environment and sustainable development. The council has not launched any skilling program in the traditional sectors[4]. In total the council has notified skilling curriculum for 53 different jobs and most of them are in the service sector.
Jobs in the primary sector are not decent as they are not well paid in India, yet this sector has huge potential to protect and conserve ecosystems, help in sequestrating GHGs, reduce pollution, improve water efficiency and address many challenges posed by climate change. Sustainable practices and nature based solutions in the primary sector especially in agriculture, forestry, livestock and fisheries can help in meeting demands of environmental aspects of green jobs. Green results in this sector are far more promising as all of these livelihoods are directly proportional to good ecological health. A paper by UN-FAO in 2012 entitled – Green Jobs for a Revitalized Food and Agriculture Sector, provides basic framework for green job creation in the primary sector[5]. The paper identifies areas such as pest management, organic farming, certification of organic product, marketing, livestock management, captured fisheries, bio fuel production, eco tourism, agro forestry and aquaculture for skilling and investment to create green jobs in the primary sector. These interventions will not only have a positive impact on environment and ecology but also create decent employment due to better marketing and branding.
Jammu and Kashmir has already taken lead in agro forestry and eco-tourism in the Indian Himalaya showcasing a more nature oriented economy. However, the per capita income in the state suggests that there is huge economic disparity. The primary sector contributes little more than 20% to the SGDP of Jammu and Kashmir. However, it is absorbing about 43% of total workforce in the UT[6]. The dependency on the primary sector in Jammu and Kashmir is slightly higher compared to the national average. Our earlier study of the state of environment in Jammu and Kashmir published on RGICS website reveals that the rapid degradation of soil, water, forests and land is adversely affecting local livelihoods in the UT. Furthermore, these degradations are induced by excessive use of pesticides in horticulture, loss of forest cover, over extraction of ground water and climate change.
This paper explores the state of three primary sector occupations (horticulture, dairy and fisheries) and one secondary sector occupation (pashmina shawl weaving) in Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir. These are traditional and low paying occupations in the UT but provide economic support to more than 40 lakh workers. These case studies locate occupations in the larger economy of the UT, highlight their problems and challenges and also explore possibilities of higher wages for workers while sustaining the local environment and ecology. In other words it explores the possibility of improving selected traditional jobs to green jobs.
Horticulture in Jammu and Kashmir
Horticulture, especially apple and walnut, contribute significantly to the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. According to J&K Horticulture Planning and Marketing Board this sector contribute around 6 to 7% to the GSDP of the UT[7]. Furthermore, it provides direct and indirect livelihoods to 35 lakh people[8]. In other words, the horticulture sector is supporting the income of around 40% of the population in Kashmir division.
In total 3.4 lakh hectare land in Jammu and Kashmir is under horticulture cultivation and 8.89 lakh hectare under food grain production. The Kashmir valley produces most of its apples and walnuts. According to Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, in 2023-24 the UT had produced 20.64 lakh MT apple and 3.07 lakh MT walnuts[9]. The horticulture is largely located in the Kashmir division of the UT. Of the total land under horticulture, Jammu division shares 1.18 lakh hectares. In terms of fruit production the Jammu division produces 31 thousand Metric Tonne (MT) apple and 81 thousand MT walnuts[10].
Jammu and Kashmir produces around 79% of total apples and 97% of total walnuts produced annually in India. The fresh fruit trade fetched Rs. 5,100 crore to the Union Territory in 2023-24[11]. Within Kashmir, the apple orchards are largely concentrated in southern districts of Kashmir such as Pulwama, Srinagar, Shopian and Kulgam.
Over the years, the area under apples has expanded a lot. In the most recent time, this expansion was observed in the northern Kashmir region where farmers are switching to apple cultivation from their traditional paddy and maize cultivation. Unlike in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Kashmir has not reported visible upward shifting of agro-climatic conditions for better apple yield. However, farmers are reporting high intensity of chemical pesticide, insecticide and fertilizers for better yield. Despite the heavy increase in chemical input, India remains a low apple productivity country.
In more recent times, farmers have also started transforming their traditional apple cultivation by introducing high density, root stock technology to improve their productivity. However, many farmers reported that this technology is very expensive and requires heavy investment. Farmers have also reported that there is a stark difference in quality of fruits produced from traditional orchards and high density orchards. The shelf life of apples produced by high density, root stock orchards is less compared to traditional orchards.
Transportation of apples from Kashmir has always been a challenge. In 2025, apple growers of Kashmir valley faced massive loss due to landslides and road blocks. The national highway connecting Kashmir and Jammu division was blocked for many days in this monsoon, which spoiled tones of apple in the valley. According to the state Horticulture Planning and Marketing Department, the UT has controlled atmosphere (CA) for only 2.7 lakh MT fresh fruits against total production of more than 20 lakh MT apples in a year.
Apple is a key economic activity in Kashmir valley of the UT. It is expanding gradually in the upper reaches of the valley, which will increase production in the long run. Since it provides economic security to a large number of the population of the UT, its production, processing and trading must be ecologically, financially and socially sustainable. The growing chemical input and increasing input expenses is a serious problem, which will marginalize small farmers. Moreover, lack of infrastructures like controlled atmosphere (CA) capacity and weather resilient transport systems can grossly affect the whole industry, as it was observed in 2025. Therefore, this whole economic activity requires a re-look in the Union Territory to make it more sustainable, inclusive and profitable so that green jobs in the entire value chain can be created.
Dairying in Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir is a major milk producing region in Western Indian Himalaya. In 2019-20 its milk production was 25.06 lakh tonnes compared to 15.3 lakh tonnes of Himachal Pradesh and 18.44 lakh tonnes in Uttarakhand[12]. Its milk production further increased to 29.9 lakh tonnes in 2023-24. The UT administration has recently planned to improve its dairy potential by launching Integrated Dairy Development Plan (IDDP) in 2020-21. In the first five years, this scheme has helped in creating diary infrastructure. The scheme has facilitated establishment of 12,151 dairy units, 336 milk vans, 46 bulk milk coolers and 58 value-addition units for Dahi, Paneer, Ghee, Khoya and Softy. Moreover, the scheme has also helped in creating pasteurisation and packaging plants, milk vending machines, milk parlours and biogas plants[13].
According to the 19th Livestock Census, there were 18.94 lakh cattle and 0.64 lakh buffaloes in Jammu and Kashmir. The buffalo population is highly concentrated in the Jammu region which accounts for more than 98% of total buffalo in the UT. Cattle population is almost equally distributed in Jammu (54%) and Kashmir (46%)[14].
As per the Livestock Census, two-third of cows in the union territory are exotic/cross bread with high milk yielding and little more than one-third cows are indigenous with comparatively less milk yielding capacity. The Union Territory has a plan to double the production of milk using Integrated Dairy Development Plan (IDDP). This is expected to be achieved by increasing artificial insemination (AI) coverage from 30% to 70% and scaling of semen production capacity from 9 lakh to 19.5 lakh straws. The government had envisaged to create additional 4300 jobs only by doing this in a year[15].
Of the various recent dairy units established in Jammu and Kashmir, the Khag Kissan FPO in Badgam district has shown remarkable progress in just two and half years. Mr. Mudassir, CEO of Khag Kissan Farmer Producer Organization started the dairy business in 2023 by organizing farmers in Khag block of Badgam district. Socio-economically this region of the valley is less privileged compared to other parts of the valley. According to Mudassir, there was no organized system to collect and sell milk from this area before they started this FPO. Most farmers engaged with this FPO used to produce milk for their own consumption. The FPO has provided an avenue for poor farmers to earn livelihood from dairy as well. Most importantly this amount goes in the account of women farmers.
The FPO has organized 2500 cow owners from Khag and neighbouring blocks of Badgam district. This initiative was financially and technically supported by the Animal Husbandry Department of the Union Territory. It received a grant of Rs. 19 lakh as grant in aid from the Livestock Department of Jammu and Kashmir. With this grant and some investment from two young entrepreneurs, they have developed a unit to collect milk, test it, cool it at 4 degrees to increase its self life and transportation. In total the unit collects 3000 litre milk every day. The collection is done through its 25 collection centres in different villages in the Khag block.
The unique thing that helped this FPO to grow rapidly in the market is their ability to provide milk earliest in the Srinagar city. This has happened due to the use of milk cooling technology adopted by the FPO. After collecting milk from various villages, it is stored in the chilling plant of the FPO to reduce its temperature to 4 degree centigrade. This cooling increases the durability of milk by another 24 hours. Milk collected and cooled is then supplied in the city the next morning before any other vendor reaches.
Mudassir and his friends have effectively used schemes of the UT government for dairy development by establishing a FPO and using appropriate technology. As this is the first of its kind organized business in the region, it has helped to provide additional income to around 2500 families. Since, the dairy as an income generation activity is new for this whole region, the average per family milk collection is just above one litre. This needs to be improved to make it effective income generation activities for farmers. The FPO has smartly cracked forward linkages issues, but it needs to work on backward linkages as well so that average milk collection per household can be increased. The government’s initiative to promote high yielding breads, artificial insemination (AI), semen production, training and capacity development of farmers are required to strengthen backward linkages of this promising dairy business.
The case of Khag Kisan Farmer’s Producer Organization demonstrates huge potential in this untapped sector to not only increase incomes of small dairy farmers but also create secondary and tertiary level green jobs in the valley.
Fish and Aquaculture
The share of inland fish has been more than half of total output of fish and aquaculture in the Indian Economy. At current prices in 2019-20 the output and value added from inland fishing was Rs. 1.45 lakh crore as against Rs. 1.15 lakh crore from marine fish[16]. In Jammu and Kashmir this sector too contributes to the local economy. According to the Economic Survey Report of Jammu and Kashmir for 2024-25 this sector is providing secondary income to around 27,000 families of the Union Territory[17]. Majority of these families belong to economically weaker sections such as SCs, STs and landless communities.
The primary sector contributes only 20% in the total GSDP of Jammu and Kashmir. Of this, sub-sectors such as agriculture, forestry and livestock contribute immensely. Fishing and aquaculture is just 2% of the total primary sector economy of the UT. Its total share is about 0.34% in the UT’s Gross State Value Added (GSVA). This is why this whole sector is considered as a source of secondary income for residents of Jammu and Kashmir along with agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
The total fish production in Jammu and Kashmir in 2023-24 was 28,000 tonnes. This production has observed gradual increase in recent years. In 2020-21 the total fish production of the UT was 21,000 tonnes. In 2023-24 the total revenue realized from the fish production was around Rs. 1078 lakh. Of which Rs. 467 lakh was earned from sale of Trout. The share of trout revenue is almost half of the total revenue earned, despite production of only 2380 tonnes of trout in a year[18]. These numbers indicate that the trout production is economically promising and can generate even more revenue for people of Jammu and Kashmir.
Sukh Nag River in Jammu and Kashmir is recognized as one of the top spring-fed trout streams in the Union Territory. Sukh Nag is a significant tributary of Jhelum River that originates from Tosa Maindan area of Peer Panjal mountain range. This river is known for natural production of brown trout. In most recent times, villagers along these rivers have started using river water for captive production of fish to support their livelihoods. Sail village in Beerwa tehsil of Badgam district has six farmers who have created trout units. Mr. Peer Zada a fish farmer of Beerwa Tehsil has started a trout unit using a water channel from the closely flowing Sukh Nag River. Unlink, many other fish farmers in the UT, Mr. Peer Zada has built this unit as a main source of his income. He informed that there is good local demand along with huge demand in nearby cities like Srinagar and Badagam.
Despite the huge ecological and economic significance of Sukh Nag River, until 2023 there were many spots where illegal mining for sand and stone was active. These mining sites were affecting local trout entrepreneurs by disrupting their water channels. In 2023, these mining sites in Sail village obstructed flow of water channels connecting six trout units in the village. Because of this, Mr. Peer Zada lost more than 3,000 trout in a single night. His unit remained dysfunctional for another six months. In the meantime, Mr. Peer Zada with the support of leading environmentalist Dr. Muzaffar Bhatt approached the Green Tribunal against illegal mining in the Sukh Nag River. In early 2024, with the intervention of the Green Tribunal, illegal mining stopped in the river.
Currently, fishing and aquaculture is a secondary source of income for about 27,000 families in Jammu and Kashmir, but many of them can be converted into DECI enterprises. DECI enterprises in fisheries in Jammu and Kashmir can be defined as a fisheries unit that has local demand, entrepreneurial leader, invested capital and adequate infrastructure and input. Upgrading micro fisheries into DECI enterprises can help to create green jobs in the entire value chain of fisheries.
Pashmina Handloom and Weaving in J&K
Handloom and Handicraft is deeply embedded in the local culture of Jammu and Kashmir that creates thousands of jobs in the UT. Major handloom products include Kani shawl, pashmina shawl and hand knotted carpets. Most of these handicrafts are located in the Kashmir region of the UT. However, in the Jammu region handicrafts such as Basholi painting, Basholi Pashmina and Chikri wood are practiced as economic activities. Many of these crafts were GI tagged in recent decades.
According to the economic survey report of Jammu and Kashmir- 2024-25 the handloom and handicraft sector supports the livelihoods of 4.22 lakh artisan in the UT. These artisans are supported through 7535 cooperatives[19]. In 2018-19 this sector contributed nearly Rs. 200 crores to the GSDP of Jammu and Kashmir[20].
Once known for its hand knotted carpet weaving, the Kashmir valley has faced many challenges in recent decades that decimated this whole industry. A major challenge faced by this industry is machine knitted carpets from Iran. On the other hand, not much advancement in this industry was adopted by the Jammu and Kashmir government to compete with the international carpet market. Along with carpet weaving, pashmina shawl weaving has been integral to the art and economy of Jammu and Kashmir. In recent years the production of pashmina shawl using handlooms grew exponentially in the Kashmir valley.
Pashmina handloom is relatively new in the valley compared to carpet weaving. However, the tradition of handloom and weaving has paved easy ways for pashmina shawl weaving. A large number of artisans especially in northern Kashmir (such as Badgam and Srinagar districts) are engaged in pashmina shawl weaving. This whole industry has expanded a lot in the last decade. While this whole industry is evolving, there are many challenges which need to be addressed while this important industry is taking shape. Some of these challenges are as follows:
- Challenges related to raw material: Jammu and Kashmir is the second largest producer of sheep wool after Rajasthan. The local wool production, especially pashmina wool, increases many folds when seen together with Ladakh. Despite high production of wool in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, this whole region has very limited capacity to process raw wool. Most of the time it goes to other states such as Punjab and Rajasthan for processing. Therefore, most of the raw material for pashmina shawls is purchased from Punjab and Rajasthan which increases its cost and creates hassle. The Jammu & Kashmir Wool Processing, Handloom, Handicraft Policy- 2020 acknowledges this issue as a major hurdle in increasing production in the UT[21]. It promises to increase the wool processing industry in the UT so that weavers and merchants can have affordable and accessible raw material for the Pashmina shawl.
- Informal Economy: While the weaving industry in Jammu and Kashmir is large enough to provide livelihood assistance to more than 4 lakh artisan, most of it is an informal business. There is no system to train and properly hire artisans for this work. Most of this is done on a take home and piece-rate basis. The payment to the artisan is also not standard as it is negotiated on one to one basis. For example, every household in Doodkhatoo village of Badgam district has a pashmina handloom. They learn from a local person who worked as an artisan in Srinagar for a few years. Mr. Farukh- an artisan informed that he gets paid better compared to many of his fellow artisans in the village because he can identify quality and base material given for shawl weaving. Moreover, their payment also depends on their contact person. For example, an artisan taking orders directly from merchants in Srinagar gets better payment compared to those who get orders from contractors (middle man). Unfortunately, most artisans receive orders and raw material from contractors (middle man).
- Middle Men: Most artisans are illiterate and have very limited access to the market. These artisans are hired and informally trained by middle men who act as a bridge between artisans and merchants in Srinagar. Other than connections between both sides, these middle men do not spend anything. For every task they charge Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 15,000/- from artisans. Mohmad Ayub in Darwan village of Badgam district works as a middle man. In the month of November 2025, he had 70 handlooms under his contract. In his own village he has contracted 6 handlooms. Mr. Farukh from Doodkhatoo village informed that the payment for weaving of Tosha Pashmina is highest paid. But, if the artisan is not aware of the raw material they have, the middle man makes a huge profit.
- Social Consequences: Despite many problems, the Pashmina shawl weaving has created a new economic activity in many districts of Kashmir Valley. Since, most of this is take home and piece rate base industry, it has some serious social consequences. For example, people have now engaged their young children in weaving. Our study team in Darwan and Doodkhatoo village observed that many young children are drop-out from primary and upper-primary schools and helping their elders in the family to weave shawls. Ms. Ifat Zuni from Darwan village is 16 years old a school drop-out has been weaving pashmina shawls for two and half years. She took little more than a year to learn this art from her neighbour and now produces shawls to a local contractor. Mohamad Ayub informed us that there are many such children in his village who are engaged in weaving. An educational centre operated by Koshish- a local NGO has surveyed that 55 children in their village have dropped out to help their family members in pashmina weaving and tourism activities. Unfortunately, this kind of engagement of children in economic activities are not considered as child labour as per the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016.
Pashmina shawl weaving has emerged as a promising economic activity that engages lakhs of artisans in Jammu and Kashmir. Certainly, it has improved the economic conditions of many artisans in the valley. However, there are many challenges; some of them are discussed above. These challenges need to be addressed to ensure safety and wellbeing of artisans and expansion of the pashmina industry. While this is already a niche sector well established as a brand, more investment is required to make sourcing of pashmina, processing of pashmina and production more green. Furthermore, most artisans are poorly paid in this business because of a completely informal production system. More formalization is required to ensure adequate wages to artisan in accordance to green jobs principals.
Conclusion
Kashmir valley in the western Indian Himalayan region has a unique place. Historically, it has been a dynamic place for art, culture, academics, economy, tourism and horticulture. With increasing devastating impacts of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure the region must think of resilience, adaptability in order to sustain its historical glory, natural wealth and economic prosperity. The adaptability and resilience must not come at the human cost. Therefore, the development approach in the valley in order to improve its traditional occupations must align itself with objectives of green jobs in order to strike a balance between ecology and economy.
Primary sectors such as horticulture, dairy and fisheries have been sustaining the livelihoods of more than a half of the workforce in the UT. These jobs have to be upgraded in order to enhance wages, ensure a better market and sustain the ecosystem within which these occupations can sustain. This paper suggests technological intervention in various sectors, infrastructure development and search for a new and high paying market. Furthermore, the growth of these sectors has huge potential to create more secondary and tertiary level green jobs in the UT.
(Field Work Guidance and Assistance: Dr. Raza Muzaffar Bhatt, Dr. Rauf Mallik and Mr. Aizaz Sofi)
References
[1]UNEP, 2008, ‘Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World’, UNEP/ILO/IOE/ITUC, September 2008, accessed from: https://wedocs.unep.org/items/bb305745-205c-4a8e-b30d-b48e142beb08
[2] ILO, 2023, ‘Green jobs, green economy, just transition and related concepts: A review of definitions developed through intergovernmental processes and international organizations’, ISBN 9789220391051, accessed from: ‘https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_883704.pdf
[3] Macro Micro, April, 2026 Data accessed on 22 April 2026 from: https://en.macromicro.me/collections/141/mm-india/105837/india-employment-population-ratio-by-sector
[4] SCGJ, Green Jobs Handbook, Skill Council for Green Jobs, accessed on 21 April 2026 from: https://sscgj.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Green-Jobs-Handbook-SCGJ.pdf
[5] FAO, 2012, ‘Green Jobs for a Revitalized Food and Agriculture Sector’, written by: Hans R. Herren, Andrea M. Bassi, Zhuohua Tan, W. Patrick Binns, accessed from: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/suistainability/pdf/FAO_green_jobs_paper_March_31.pdf
[6] Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Economic Surevey 2025-26, Planning, Development and Monitoring Department, Govt. of J&K, accessed from: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202025-26.pdf
[7] J&K Horticulture Planning & Marketing Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://www.jkdhpm.in/back.html#:~:text=The%20area%20under%20major%20horticulture,%2C%20Apricot%2C%20Walnuts%2C%20Almonds.
[8]Economic Survey 2024-25, Planning Development and Monitoring Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202024-25.pdf
[9]Department of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Government of India: https://agriwelfare.gov.in/en/StatHortEst
[10] Department of Horticulture Jammu, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://hortijmu.jk.gov.in/pdf/area%20n%20production.pdf
[11] Economic Survey 2024-25, Planning Development and Monitoring Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202024-25.pdf
[12] Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2020, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Darying, Government of India: https://dahd.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-12/BasicAnimalHusbandryStatistics2020.pdf
[13] Integrated Dairy Development Scheme- 2025 (Revised Operation Guidelines), Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://www.scribd.com/document/897524927/Revised-Operational-Guidelines-of-Integrated-Dairy-Development-Scheme-2025
[14] 19th Livestock Census, 2019
[15] Economic Survey 2024-25, Planning Development and Monitoring Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202024-25.pdf
[16] Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2020, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Darying, Government of India: https://dahd.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-12/BasicAnimalHusbandryStatistics2020.pdf
[17] Economic Survey 2024-25, Planning Development and Monitoring Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202024-25.pdf
[18] Department of Fisheries, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Achievements, 2025: https://fisheries.jk.gov.in/achievements.htm
[19] Economic Survey 2024-25, Planning Development and Monitoring Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir: https://jkplanning.gov.in/pdf/Economic%20Survey%202024-25.pdf
[20] Jammu and Kashmir Wool Processing, Handloom, Handicrafts Policy-2020: https://industriescommerce.jk.gov.in/Orders%202020/54%20IND%20of%202020.pdf
[21] Jammu and Kashmir Wool Processing, Handloom, Handicrafts Policy-2020: https://industriescommerce.jk.gov.in/Orders%202020/54%20IND%20of%202020.pdf
